The hymn contained in Is 55:1-11 was used as the fifth reading at the Easter Vigil. Here only the
second of its three stanzas is used.
The reason for its selection is indicated by the caption that calls
attention to the last two verses: “For my thoughts are not
your thoughts, nor are your ways my ways, says the Lord.”
These words underline the teaching of the parable of the laborers in
the vineyard in today’s Gospel.
Responsorial Psalm: 144: 2-3, 8-9, 17-18
A somewhat different though overlapping selection of verses from
this psalm is commented on for the fourteenth Sunday of series A and
the thirty-first Sunday of series C. The second and third stanzas,
especially the latter, match both the Old Testament reading and the
Gospel today.
Again, as we shall see, the difference between God’s thoughts
and our thoughts, according to the parable of the laborers in the
vineyard, is that God’s justice is not a quid pro quo affair but is characterized by mercy and forgiveness.
Reading II: Philippians 1:20c-24, 27a
This week we turn from Romans, which we have been reading for the
past several Sundays, to Philippians. The latter was written while
Paul was in prison. Traditionally this imprisonment was identified
with that at Rome (Acts 28:30-31).
There is, however, a growing consensus among scholars today that the
imprisonment in question must have occurred during Paul’s stay
at Ephesus (ca. 52-55, though the absolute chronology of
Paul’s life is somewhat conjectural).
It was during this supposed imprisonment (of which there are hints
in some of the letters, for example 1 Cor 15:32) that the great controversial letters were probably written: Galatians, 1 Corinthians, much of 2 Corinthians, and Philippians.
The view is also gaining ground that Philippians, like 2 Corinthians, is a compilation from two or three short letters written by Paul
to the community at Philippi over the space of several months. These
fragments were subsequently put together when they were edited for
the later use of the Church. The letters may be identified as
follows:
Letter A, Phil 4:10-23. Paul’s thank-you for the “care packet” sent by the Philippians to him in prison by a messenger from Philippi named Epaphroditus.
Letter B, Phil 1:1-3:1; 4:4-7. News about Paul’s welfare and prospects in prison. Epaphroditus’ recovery from illness while with Paul; Paul’s desire to send Timothy to Philippi soon; and warnings against the possible arrival of false teachers.
Letter C, Phil 3:2-4:3, 8-9. An attack on the false teachers after their arrival at Philippi.
Today’s reading thus comes from Letter B. Paul faces the
possibility of martyrdom. If we are right in placing the
imprisonment at Ephesus in 52-55, we know that his worst fears at
this time did not come true: he was released and was able to visit
his churches once more before he was arrested again, this time in
Jerusalem, and transported to Rome.
Our reading consists of the Apostle’s vivid meditation on the
prospects of life and death. He is in a state of tension, pulled
both ways. Whether he lives or dies, Paul is convinced that Christ
will be honored in his body, that is, either by Paul’s labors
for the gospel (see the catalogues of sufferings in
2 Cor 12, etc.—that is what being an apostle meant for Paul) or by actual
martyrdom.
In either case, it is not Paul’s own personal salvation that
is at stake. He does not simply want to escape from his labors into
personal bliss with Christ; rather, he believes that his martyrdom
will in some way contribute, perhaps even more effectively than his
apostolic labors, to the fulfillment of God’s purpose in
salvation history.
“To live is Christ”—the great Pauline saying highlighted in the caption to this reading does not mean simply the enjoyment of mystical communion between the believer and the Lord but the execution of the apostolic mission.
As we have noted in previous discussions of our Lord’s
parables, there are three possible levels of exegesis: (1) the
parable as taught by Jesus; (2) the parable as modified in the oral
tradition; (3) the parable as presented by the evangelist in the
context of his Gospel.
At the level of Jesus’ own teaching, the parable of the wicked
husbandman must have concluded with the question “Or are you
envious because I am generous?”
The context in which it was originally told must have been a
complaint of Jesus’ opponents that he was paying more
attention to the outcast than to the respectable members of
society.
Jesus takes a situation as familiar in daily life then as now—long
lines of unemployed waiting for a job. But he depicts the behavior
of the employer in a quite surprising way. Out of pity for the
unemployed and their families, the employer generously gives a full
day’s wages to everyone.
That is what God is doing in Jesus’ ministry—giving the tax
collectors and prostitutes an equal share with the righteous in his
kingdom. Obviously, the parable is not a moral lesson about labor
relations!
At the level of the oral tradition, the proverbial phrase “the
last will be first, and the first will be last” has been
added. This looks like a reapplication of the parable to the
situation of the post-Easter community. Israel has rejected the
gospel, so Gentiles have been drawn in.
The evangelist shows his own understanding of the parable by
appending it to the discourse, Mt 19:23-30. Here Peter, as the spokesman for the Twelve, proudly claimed that
they, unlike the rich whom Jesus was criticizing, had left
everything to follow Jesus.
They will indeed be rewarded, for they will sit on twelve thrones
with Christ, receive a hundredfold, and inherit eternal life. But
then comes a warning: “many that are first will be last, and
the last will be first” (Mt 19:30).
In Matthew, this does not mean that the disciples are the last who
will turn out to be the first, whereas the rich are the first who
will turn out to be last. What Matthew means—or makes Jesus mean—is
that those who forsake all and follow Jesus, and who are therefore
the first, may turn out to be the last.
The parable of the laborers in the vineyard follows right upon this
as a warning to the Christians in Matthew’s church not to
hanker after rewards. Rewards are not denied, but they are not the
purpose of toil for Christ and his kingdom. They always come as a
surprise. Paul, in the second reading, exhibits precisely the kind
of attitude Jesus is enjoining in Matthew’s presentation.