Reading I: Deuteronomy 8:2-3, 14b-16a

This passage comes from a recital of the events of the exodus and of the wanderings of the Israelites in the desert. It recalls especially the trials to which the people were exposed—hunger, thirst, fiery serpents, and scorpions—and the provisions that Y(HWH) made to relieve them: the water from the rock and the manna.

Paul himself treated the water from the rock and the manna as types of the two great Christian sacraments of baptism and Holy Communion (1 Corinthians 10:1-4); and in the discourse of the bread from heaven in John 6, part of which will be read as the gospel of this day, the manna is likewise treated as a type of the eucharistic bread.

Responsorial Psalm: 147:12-13, 14-15, 19-20*

The same selection of verses from Psalm 147 is provided for the second Sunday after Christmas. It is appropriate for any festal occasion, but its particular relevance to Corpus Christi is found in the second line of the second stanza: “he fills you with the finest of wheat.”

Reading II: 1 Corinthians 10:16-17

One might have expected that the second reading for this solemnity would be 1 Corinthians 10:1-4, in which Paul interprets the manna of Deuteronomy 8 typologically of the Eucharist. Instead, we have a eucharistic passage from a later point in the same chapter.

It is becoming the commonly accepted view that in verse 16, Paul is quoting a traditional eucharistic formula. This is indicated by the quite Jewish expression “the cup of blessing.” The verb “we bless” is also Jewish (berakah) and contrasts with Paul’s usual preference for the Greek equivalent, eucharistein, “to give thanks.”

The idea of “participation” [koinonia] in the body/blood is probably also Pauline, though Hellenistic, and represents an exegesis of the words over the bread and the cup. Koinonia has not merely a symbolic but a strong realistic sense.

“Body and blood” refer not to things in themselves but to an event and a person— to Christ giving himself in his redemptive death. In Holy Communion he offers real participation in himself as he gives himself to his sacrificial death.

This language draws out explicitly the meaning of his words and actions at the Last Supper.

People have often wondered why the usual order—bread/cup—is reversed here and have sometimes speculated that there were early communities that celebrated the Eucharist in this order. This is hardly likely, for Paul himself cites another traditional formula in chapter 11 with the normal order—bread/cup.

The reversal must be explained from the fact that Paul wishes to give further comment of his own upon the bread/body word and drops the cup/blood word out of the picture.

For verse 17 has to be seen as Pauline comment. And it involves a remarkable shift of sense. The word “body,” used christologically and sacramentally in the traditional formula, is now taken up in an ecclesiological sense.

“we,” the community that participates in Christ’s sacramental Body in the Supper. “Participation in Jesus and his (sacramental) body” becomes identical with incorporation into the church as the Body of Christ (Ernst Käsemann).

Doubtless Paul is led to this exegetical step because of the difficulties at Corinth, which he will elaborate upon in the next chapter. The Corinthians held an all too individualistic attitude toward the Eucharist. For them, it was a guarantee of personal salvation.

For Paul, however, it binds one not only to Christ but also to one’s neighbors, to the Christian community, with all the obligations that entails. The Eucharist has a horizontal as well as a vertical direction.

It was this passage that inspired St. Augustine to write his well-known words: “If you wish to understand the body of Christ, hear the Apostle speaking to the faithful: ‘Now you are the body and members of Christ.’ If you, then, are the body and members of Christ, your mystery is laid on the Table of the Lord, your mystery you receive” (Letter 272).

Gospel: John 6:51-58

The bread discourse from John 6 has been much discussed in recent years. The problems are: (1) Is the whole discourse eucharistic? (2) Are only verses 51c-58 eucharistic? (3) Are verses 51c-58 a later addition to the text?

It is clear that verse 51c (“and the bread that I will give for the life of the world is my flesh”) represents a turning point in the discourse. The first part speaks throughout of the bread from heaven as typified by the manna. “Eating” is then a metaphor for faith.

The word “flesh,” introduced for the first time in verse 51c, could also refer to the Incarnation rather than to the Eucharist, though the words “will give for the life of the world” extend the thought beyond the Incarnation itself to the atoning death.

But when we get to verse 53, which speaks not only of eating the flesh but also of drinking the Blood of the Son of Man, the eucharistic reference is beyond all doubt. This led Bultmann to regard verses 51c-58 as an interpolation by an ecclesiastical redactor.

In the view of the present writer, the discourse is to be viewed as an integrated whole, without resort to the interpolation hypothesis. The background of the whole chapter is the early church’s celebration of the Eucharist proper in the context of a meal.

The first part of the discourse, down through verse 51b, which focuses on the bread from heaven, is, we would suggest, a meditation on the agape.

The second half, verses 51c-58, is a meditation on the Eucharist proper and is based on a Johannine tradition of the institution narrative.

Looked at from another perspective, the whole discourse outlines the events of salvation history, the coming of the Christ as the bread from heaven into the world in the Incarnation (vv. 26-51b), the surrender of himself in his atoning death (v. 51c), the availability of his surrendered life as the nourishment of the faithful in Holy Communion (vv. 53-58).

John does not regard the sacrament as a thing in itself, detached from the total saving event of Christ, but as the means by which this saving event is constantly made available for present participation in the life of the church.

We note, too, how in Johannine idiom the double aspect of the Eucharist expressed in the earlier institution narratives (Paul and the Synoptists) is preserved.

The Eucharist makes the past present for participation (“flesh” and “blood” referring back to Christ’s death on Calvary), and it makes the future (“I will raise them up at the last day”; “will live because of me”; and “will live for ever”) equally present (“has eternal life”).

Note also that the eucharistic part of the discourse does not lose sight of the manna typology: “not like that which your ancestors ate, and they died.”

Copyright © 1984, 2006 by The Order of St. Benedict, Inc., Collegeville, Minnesota. All rights reserved. Used by permission from Liturgical Press, Collegeville, Minnesota 56321