Reading I: Jeremiah 38:4-6, 8-10
This is the episode of Jeremiah in the muddy cistern. Jeremiah has been predicting the impending destruction of Jerusalem as a judgment from Yhwh.
Quite naturally, the government regards this kind of talk as defeatist and treasonable, so it seeks to silence Jeremiah by lowering him into a muddy cistern. But on this occasion his life is spared through the good offices of Ebedmelech the Ethiopian.
The caption, “You bore me to be a man of strife for the whole world,” which comes, not from this reading, but from Jeremiah's prayer (Jer 15:10, though the meaning there is probably “the whole land,” that is, Judah, rather than “the whole world”), indicates that our interpretation of this reading today should concentrate, not upon Jeremiah's deliverance, but upon the fact that his proclamation of the word of Yhwh brought him rejection and suffering.
Thus, the passion of Jeremiah foreshadows the passion of Jesus, adumbrated in the Gospel reading.
Responsorial Psalm: 40:2, 3, 4, 18
A different selection of verses from this psalm is used on the
second Sunday of the year in series A and is commented upon there.
The reference to the “miry bog” in the second stanza
links the psalm with the first reading.
However, the main point today is the deliverance of the psalmist,
whereas the main point of the Old Testament reading, as we saw from
the caption and the gospel, lies in the rejection that results from
being a bearer of the word of God.
This is the exhortation concluding the roll call of Old Testament
heroes of the faith. They were “witnesses” to the power
of faith to endure against every temptation to apostasy.
The author of Hebrews pictures the Old Testament worthies as a host
(“cloud”—a good classical Greek term) of spectators
standing by a racetrack and cheering on those who are now running
the same race as they did in their day.
The race we have to run is “set before us,” that is, we
have been entered for it (cf. the New English Bible) at our
baptism.
Like athletes stripping for the contest, we must strip ourselves of
the constriction (this is the connotation of the adjective
translated “which clings so closely”) of sin.
But there is one who is even greater than the heroes of the Old
Testament—Jesus, here described as the “pioneer and perfecter
of our faith.”
In his earthly life he was the pioneer because he initiated the way
of faith—the way through suffering to glory (v. 2b)—and its
perfecter because he completed it, thus enabling believers to run
the same race, through suffering to glory.
In the second paragraph of our reading, which begins a new section
of Hebrews, the writer returns, as so often throughout his work,
from Christological exposition to ethical exhortation bearing
directly on the situation in the church to which he is writing.
These believers were subject to hostility from their neighbors
(pagan? Jewish?), but none of them have had to suffer martyrdom yet
The reading falls into two parts. The first (Lk 12:49-50) speaks of Christ's divine destiny to endure suffering. This first
block of material is peculiar to Luke.
The second part (Lk 12:51-53) speaks of the breakup of families caused by Christ and his
message. This second block of material is paralleled in
Matthew 10:34-35.
We will first consider the two parts separately and then discuss the
implications for Luke's theology of his procedure in bringing them
together.
The first part consists of two “I [pronoun] sayings,” in
which Jesus speaks of his mission as an accomplished fact. The first
saying may well be authentic to Jesus, expressing his consciousness
of prophetic mission, whereas the second saying, which refers to his
martyrdom as a baptism (cf. Mk 10:38), looks like a vaticinium ex eventu, reflecting Christian
baptismal theology (cf. Rom 6).
This second saying is probably an amplification of the first
authentic “I saying” by the early Church. The
“fire” (a symbol of eschatological judgment) that Jesus
came to cast upon the earth will be his call to decision in face of
his eschatological message.
The Church's additional “I saying,” with its explicit
reference to Jesus' death, will mean that after Easter Jesus'
eschatological message was replaced by the Church's kerygma of the
cross. This kerygma, too, calls for a decision.
The second (Q) saying, about the breakup of family ties, reflects an
apocalyptic tradition going back to Micah 7:6. “Social disruption has always been associated in the
oriental mind with the reign of terror which will precede the age of
salvation, and it is not surprising that it figures in Jewish
apocalyptic as one of the signs of the end” (J. Jeremias).
It is difficult to be certain whether this saying goes back to Jesus
himself or only to the post-Easter community. The situation,
however, was found both in Jesus' ministry as a result of his call
to decision and in the post-Easter community as a result of its
kerygma of the cross.
By putting together these two traditions—the two “I
sayings” and the saying about family divisions—Luke shows that
the breakup of families is a consequence precisely of the kerygma of
the cross.
Luke has recently been criticized and downgraded for having no
theology of the cross. It is true that he does not, like Paul and
Mark, speak of the cross as an atoning death—but see Luke 22:19b-20 [“ … which is given for you. Do this in remembrance
of me.' And likewise the cup after supper, saying, 'This cup which
is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood.”],
which is now generally regarded as authentically Lucan and not a
textual addition, and which shows that Luke was familiar with the
idea of atonement in liturgy.
Even though Luke does not appropriate the language of atonement for
his own theology, he does have his own theology of the cross. It is
that the cross is for Christ the divinely willed pathway to glory
(see Lk 24:26).
Believers in turn are drawn into the same pathway of suffering (see
the second part of our reading). This suffering may take various
forms: rejection, ostracism from family and society, and, though
this is not specified here, martyrdom.
