Betrothal And Marriage
It would be wrong to consider betrothal as similar to our idea of
engagement before marriage. Betrothal was the initial phase of the
marriage process in which prospective spouses (commonly first cousins,
see
Gen 24:4;
Gen 28:20) were set apart for each other.
Though a betrothed couple did not live together, a formal divorce was required to break the public establishment of the betrothal. Sex with a betrothed woman was considered adultery (Dt 22:23-24)
In the ancient Mediterranean world, marriages were arranged by parents
to join extended families and not individuals. The bride did not
expect love, companionship, or comfort. In this rigidly gender-divided
world, men and women had very little contact. Both partners realized
that their union was arranged for the political or economic advantage
of their families.
The entire marriage process is a ritualized removal of a woman from
her family. The groom’s father offers gifts or services to the
bride’s father to win the wife he wants for his son. The
bride’s father makes the final decision.
The women of both families negotiate the contract to be certain
neither family is shortchanged, but the patriarch of each family
ratifies the contract publicly. When the groom takes the bride into
his home, the marriage process is completed (see
Mt 25:1-12).
Mary's Pregnancy
Given the very nosey nature of Mediterranean village life, the separation of men from women, and the fact that the betrothed couple were not yet living together, Joseph may have been among the last to learn of Mary’s pregnancy. Women would have noticed that she was not participating in their obligatory monthly ritual purification.
Joseph's Predicament
The honor code of the Mediterranean world demands that no one take what properly belongs to another. Mary’s child is not Joseph’s, so he hesitates to take the child. But if he doesn’t act quickly, he will be shamed.
By law, Joseph is entitled to return Mary to her father and expose her to death. Num 5:11-31 describes the ordeal Mary would have to undergo. But Joseph is an honorable man and determines to divorce her leniently.
His sense of honor hopes that the rightful father will seize this
opportunity to claim the child and marry the woman, Mary. In all of
his decisions, Joseph acts very honorably.
The Will Of God
Our Mediterranean ancestors in the faith generally tried to live by
the will of God. But how did God make his will known and how did
people learn it?
Ordinary folk had to rely on ordinary means. The prophet Joel (Joel 3:1) reports a proverb that captures a basic Mediterranean belief:
“Old men dream dreams, young men see visions.”
That Joseph (Mt 1:20-21;
Mt 2:13,
19) and the astrologers (Mt 2:12) learn God’s will in a dream is not only the ordinary way of
learning God’s will but also an allusion to their age. (Yet
remember that fewer than 5 percent of the population lived to the age
of thirty!)
God personally announces to Joseph the gender of the child (a highly
prized male is a special gift of God in this culture) and assigns his
name (Jesus).
This fact immediately immerses Jesus in honor far surpassing human
calculation and further enhances Joseph’s honorable reputation,
for God would not honor a shameful person.
In an effort to contemporize the biblical record, some modern
preachers speak of Mary as a pregnant, unwed, teenage girl and
describe Jesus’ family as homeless.
These clever descriptions are ill-suited to Mediterranean culture and
are unfair to Mary, Joseph, and Jesus.
While the circumstances and embarrassment of Mary’s predicament
look similar to American experiences, the consequences in her culture
are radically different.